Recent acts of terrorism carried out in kenya had a profound impact. The borders can be crossed without visas and once inside the country the lack of a real law enforcer makes the place a good haven for the terrorists. This paper discusses terrorism in somalia after 2008 and makes judgments about the prospects of terrorism in somalia and in the neighboring countries. Similarly, kenya, home to a thriving ict sector, is leading the world in the rollout and leveraging of mobile money. Definition of terrorism social and political effects. To achieve the purpose, the study analyzed the effect of terrorism on tourist behavior, the effect of tourists awareness of terrorism on destination image and the effect of terrorism on tourists risk perception and attitude. Analysing the impact of terrorism on kenya tourism essay. In this article, we examine some of the causes and effects of terrorism in nigeria. Hotels were almost collapsing and thousands of kenyans lost their jobs.
Tanzania have been increasingly more destructive and claimed a growing. Apart from the above mentioned negative effects of terrorism on kenyas tourism industry, some positive effects were identified. It also discusses the control measures in the kenyan context. Locals provided a portion of revenue needed to sustain some tourism businesses. Causes and effects of terrorism in nigeria research cyber.
Firstly, tourism, which is one of kenya s major revenue earners, has been adversely affected. Social effects of terrorism can include injury, death, and psychological trauma, while local and national markets can experience a downturn in both the short term and the long term. How kenyas tourism industry has felt the impact of. The global economic impact of terrorism in 2016 was slightly lower than 2015 although it still cost the global. In recent years, kenya and its people have witnessed a surge in terrorist attacks and violent extremism. Terrorism in kenya by koome gikunda graduating senior introduction kenya has been the battlefield of tragic terrorist attacks on western interests twice since 1998 once in 1998 when the us embassy was attacked and a second time in 2002 when a israeliowned paradise hotel was bombed. Reprinted by permission of westview press, a member of perseus books group. In 1980, the jewishowned norfolk hotel was attacked by the palestine liberation organization plo. If these economies are upset, they risk dragging down africas overall performance. Quarterly data spanning 2010q1 to 20q4, sourced from the kenyan national bureau of statistics, for 27 developed and 34 emerging countries is used. Introduction this article examines the origin, causes and effects of terrorism in kenya.
Today, kenya suffers from both national and transnational acts of politicoreligious terrorism. The impact of these have been most felt on infrastructure, physical and human capital, productivity and economic growth. The study found out that the social causes of terrorism in kenya are as a result of a complex network of intertwined problems emanating from four main thematic areas, namely. There are many direct losses, socioeconomic and psychological effects of terrorist bomb blasts on the lives of survivors. Terrorism as a manifestation of conflict could be a historically persistent phenomena with roots in the past. Terrorism has been linked to the theory of deprivation, but the extent to which terrorism is an economic good can be explained using a rational choice model of economic agents. African countries have experienced relatively high levels of terrorism.
The recent attacks in kenya have affected the country in many ways. Policy brief articulating the pathways of the impact of. Sep 11, 2017 since late 2011, in the wake of their somalia invasion, kenya has seen an upsurge in violent attacks. Origin of terrorism terrorism is defined as the use of violence to create fear i. The attackers killed 147 and injured 79 before detonating suicide vests when cornered by security forces. Terrorism in kenya terrorism in kenya origin causes. This chapter examines the causes and consequences of terrorism in africa, and considers the extent to which existing evidence rationalizes the various explanations for it, and its implications for counterterrorism policy in africa. Background report alshabaab attack on garissa university in. Threat, policy, and response the war on terrorism the administrations response to the september 11, 2001 events was swift, wideranging, and decisive. Case study of kenya article pdf available in ssrn electronic journal april 2011 with 9,165 reads how we measure reads. Top 6 effectsimpacts of terrorism in nigeria research cyber. Kenyan government officials asserted that many of the murders and blasts were carried out by alshabaab in retaliation for operation linda nchi, a coordinated military mission between the somalian military and kenyan military that began in october 2011, when troops from kenya crossed the border. Similarly, the reduction in deaths in kenya reflects a shift in alshabaabs strategy. This paper discusses the effects of terrorism and political unrest on the level of tourism activities in two developing countries that are a part of the commonwealth, kenya and fiji.
It examined the negative, disruptive and destabilizing effect of terrorist acts upon the conditions necessary for production, distribution and consumption, within kenya s political economy. As the world becomes more technologically advanced, terrorism has risen as a major setback to the advancement of the human race. The conventional wisdom is that trade with a nation affected by terrorism involves higher risks. This paper uses dynamic panel model to compare the effect of terrorism on developed and emerging country demand for tourism in kenya. Causes and consequences of terrorism in africa start. With specific reference to kenya, studies have focused on the uncertainty effects of terrorism and violent extremism on the tourism sector, fdi, the nairobi stock exchange nse, effects on resource allocations and economies of counties. Effect of terrorism on demand for tourism in kenya. Definition of terrorism social and political effects introduction social structure and order, governance of society and politics are dependent on good communication, and good communication requires agreement on definitions of terminology. Second, it describes how history is crucial to any explanation and understanding of terrorism in africa. Since late 2011, kenya has seen an upsurge in violent terrorist attacks.
Pdf pterrorist attacks have escalated over the recent years in kenya, with adverse effects on the tourism industry. While terrorism is a global phenomenon, africa seems to bear the greatest brunt of it, largely due to limited military resources and ongoing economic deprivation, which. The table reports data for total terrorism, domestic terrorism and transnational terrorism incidents and associated fatalities and injuries for the 12 most terrorism prone countries in the world and for the world as a whole. Impact of terrorism and violent extremism on the kenyan. The impact of kenyas recent terrorist attack will be felt greatly by its tourism industry. Effects of terrorism on the international business in nigeria. However, terrorism in nigeria might be motivated by other goals. The shifta activities in the northern kenya, and the ensuing state actions were forms of terrorism.
There is a heightened threat of terrorism, including terrorist kidnappings, across kenya. First, it explains briefly why it is difficult to find a universally acceptable definition of terrorism. Terrorism is also possibly motivated largely by existential otherworldly goals. We provide background on the dimensions and effects of terrorism, and develop a theoretical grounding for terrorism research by drawing on the literature from ib. Quarterly data spanning 2010q1 to 20q4, sourced from the keny. In 20, the militant group alshabaab killed 67 people at nairobis westgate shopping mall. With the decrease in tourist arrivals to kenya, domestic tourism was being promoted. The rising wave of terrorism in nigeria has been linked to deprivation, corruption and state neglect of the masses. What have been their effects on kenyas public psyche. Kenya has been the scene of various attacks attributed to terrorist elements. Effect of terrorism on demand for tourism in kenya steven. History and root causes of terrorism in africa introduction the aim of this paper is fourfold. A case study of eastleigh estate, nairobi county by anthony kamindo c50738352012 research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of master of arts in sociology advanced disaster management, university of nairobi november, 2016. Discussions on effects of corruption have been held at different levels since all people are no getting concerned especially because this vice is affecting their lives.
A factor supply approach subhayu bandyopadhyay and todd sandler this article reconsiders the effects of terrorism on trade. Kenya terrorism index 20022018 data 20192020 forecast. Intensity of terror attack measured by fatalities significantly reduces tourist arrivals from developed countries but not from emerging countries. The core leadership of the kenyan cell consisted primarily of citizens of the gulf states, somalia, pakistan, and the comoro islands who had assimilated into local cultures along the indian ocean seaabout the institute the united states institute of peace is an. Terrorism and economic struggles of households in kenya. How kenyas tourism industry has felt the impact of terrorist. Data was stored both in pdfa archival pdf and csv databases spss. Kenya continues to experience increased terrorist attacks, and in the recent past, its people have suffered significant attacks. Oklahoma city, khobar towers, us embassies in kenya and. To achieve the purpose, the study analyzed the effect of terrorism on tourist behavior, the effect of tourists awareness of terrorism on destination. Kenyan government officials asserted that many of the murders and blasts were carried out by alshabaab in retaliation for operation linda nchi, a coordinated military mission between the somalian military and kenyan military that began in october 2011, when troops from kenya crossed the border into the conflict zones of. We use annual data from 2010 to 20 for a widely dispersed set of 124 countries of origin covering europe, asia, the americas and africa.
The purpose of this research study was to analyze the effects of terrorism on international tourists who have visited kenya. Governments and international groups have historically had trouble agreeing on how to define terrorism. Research has shown that the effects of terrorism are felt the most on targeted area infrastructure, human capital and. These indirect effects pose the greatest potential threat to the activities of firms the effects of terrorism on the commerce and business according to nitsch schumacher 2004 can be gathered. Drawing from the literature, the policy brief offers some policy implications to kenya as high levels of multidimensional inequalities socioeconomic and political. Terrorism, and insecurity generally, is largely responsible for the sectors poor performance over.
Buigut and amendah 2015 show that terrorism has indeed significantly affected tourist arrivals and earnings in kenya. Response congressional research service summary the united states government has implemented a range of programs to counter violent extremist threats in east africa in response to al qaedas bombing of the u. Today terrorism is one of the key threats of the international security system, effects of terrorism on national security are enormous. After adminis tration officials attributed responsibility for the attack to osama bin laden and the al qaeda organization, there was an. We provide background on the dimensions and effects of terrorism, and develop a theoretical grounding for terrorism research by drawing on the literature from ib, economics, political science, and. It is eating into every aspect of the society, ranging from development to democracy.
Terrorism in nigeria continues to be a major challenge for policymakers and. Top 5 effects of terrorism on daily life after years of suppression of their activities by the authorities, boko haram members began retaliatory military action. Current affairs socioeconomic and psychological effects. Pdf modelling the temporal effect of terrorism on tourism in kenya. This article uses a dynamic panel data model to analyse the effects of terrorism on demand for tourism in kenya. It has also resulted into damage to infrastructure like buildings such as the westgate mall, the cooperative house and the old american embassy. Measuring and understanding the impact of terrorism vision of. In east africa, particularly kenya, studies on the impact of terrorism on the. Since late 2011, in the wake of their somalia invasion, kenya has seen an upsurge in violent attacks. Kenya, specifically, has been hard hit by terrorist attacks during the past twenty years or so. Terrorism in kenya has affected the tourism industry.
Some countries in africa still continue suffering from effects of terrorism, in particular, egypt, libya, somali, nigeria, burkina faso. Jan 23, 2019 the impact of kenyas recent terrorist attack will be felt greatly by its tourism industry. Terrorism can dramatically influence the world, as shown by the farreaching. Evaluating kenya s tourism crisis the purpose of this paper is to provide information that can aid in the development of a crisis management plan for kenya. A key challenge of understanding terrorism is both acknowledging the moral outrage at terrorist acts, while at the same time trying to understand the rationale behind terrorism. Kenya terrorism index values, historical data and charts was last updated on april of 2020. Impact of terrorism on economic development in africa. Kenya has experienced terrorism by nonstate actors since 1950s. In 1998, the us embassy in nairobi was bombed, as was the israeliowned paradise hotel in 2002. Causes and consequences of terrorism in africa oxford. Effects of terrorism effects of terrorism in africa name institution instructor course number effects of terrorism in africa terrorism can be defined as the deliberate use of violence by persons or groups to attain certain goals through threatening a large audience, further than that of the immediate victim cited in crenshaw, 1994.
Reprinted by permission of westview press, a member of. In 1998, kenya experienced its first major terrorist hit when. The impact of alshabab terrorist attacks in kenya munin. Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in human experience. Evaluating kenyas tourism crisis the purpose of this paper is to provide information that can aid in the development of a crisis management plan for kenya. Background report alshabaab attack on garissa university in kenya on thursday, april 2, gunmen attacked garissa university in eastern kenya, near the border with somalia. While terrorism is a global phenomenon, africa seems to bear the greatest brunt of it, largely due to limited military resources and ongoing economic deprivation, which has lured many young people. Terrorism in kenya by koome gikunda graduating senior introduction kenya has been the battlefield of tragic terrorist attacks on western interests twice since 1998 once in 1998 when the us embassy was attacked and a second time in. Attacks, including terrorist kidnappings, could target westerners, including british nationals. Economic effects terrorism has resulted in greater expenditure in favour of security compared to other important sectors like education and health. Their first armed attack was carried out in 2010 in a prison in bauchi state, which resulted in releasing of 150 prisoners.
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